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How does an utterance
relate to immediately preceding utterance by the dialogue partner?
To understand this relationship it is perhaps preferable to realize that there are
two extremes: complete unrelatedness and identity. In the next table some characteristics of both
will be given:
IDENTITY |
COMPLETE UNRELATEDNESS |
No change in semantic orientation |
Total semantic incoherence |
'Consensus dialogue' |
'Talking past each other'
& 'Disrupted communication' |
The complete semantic break must be evaluated as a refusal to communicate
and as an expression of unwillingness to answer. For an example of this, I
refer to the first part of Kiss Me. Normally speaking however, the
relationship between one speech and the next lies somewhere between these
extremes of identity and complete unrelatedness. The second speech
generally picks up certain elements in the first, but places them in a
different context. The first speech always gives the speaker the opportunity
to choose between two alternatives. Negation and qualification are
particularly common features of conflict orientated classical drama. H.G.
Coenen's analysis5.26 establishes a complete
repertoire of variants, tackling two main aspects:
- the choice of the point of reference in the preceding speech or
utterance; and
- the way this point of reference is treated in the second speech or
utterance.
The point of reference is often the 'sign content', that is: the subject
matter or the idea, of the first. Another way of referring to it is the
captation benevolentiæ for example which recognizes the emotional
state of the dialogue partner in a conciliatory way, only to reject his or
her wishes. An example of this Wait in Act I.
When the 'sign' is not the point of reference, the speaker is not
responding to the content, but to the fact that the subject has been raised
in the first place. The first speech is taken up by its actional role.
Again Wait is a good example of this.
Reference to the communication process plays no more than a subordinate role
in classical drama because it only occurs when dialogical communication is
disrupted.
The processing of the chosen point of reference by the second speaker can
be done by applying two strategies:
- he can show that the opposite is true;
- he can invalidate his dialogue's partner's arguments; this is a
weakened form of negation, because it does not propose an opposing view.
Should the second speaker wish to show that the opposite be true, an entire series of rhetorical and dialectical arguments the speaker
may rely:
- by invoking some other authority e.g communis opinio or the argumentem ad hominem, the latter being referring to earlier opinions
expressed by the speaker; and,
- demonstratio ad oculos, in which the speaker shows the
contradiction between the words spoken and what actually is happening; and,
- reference to preconditions; and,
- reference to future consequences; and,
- reductio ad absurdum; and,
- rejection of the propositio; and,
The invalidation of the first speakers argument by the second may also be
done by the above principles. Coenen's typology assumes successful communication.
Next: The rhetoric of dialogue
Up: The syntagmatics of dialogue
Previous: How an utterance relates
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Iede Snoek
2002-02-25